Missouri-born entertainer who became one of France's most celebrated performers, taking Paris by storm in the 1920s. During the Second World War she worked with the French Resistance, smuggling coded messages hidden in her sheet music, and was later awarded the Croix de guerre. In 1963 she stood on the podium at the March on Washington as the only official female speaker.
She refused every box people tried to put her into (country, race, respectability, sexuality) and gave a country that had rejected her more than a country of birth had ever offered. In 2021 she became the first Black woman entombed in the Panthéon in Paris, a national honour France took nearly a century to grant one of its most fearless citizens.
Her memoirs and the biography by Jean-Claude Baker are the fullest primary sources.


